Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Al Razi

Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi, known as Al-Razi, as Ar-Razi, as Ibn Zakaria (Zakariya) or (in Latin) as Rhazes and Rasis, (8641-930 AD) was an Iranian polymath who contributed much to the fields of medicine and chemistry. He was also significant in the field of philosophy. He was born in Rayy (Rages) (actually, in Persian language Razi means from the city of Ray), an ancient city located near Tehran, Iran, and pursued a great amount of his research there. Note that Avicenna also lived in Ray for a period of time. Razi was placed in-charge of the first Royal Hospital at Ray, from where he soon moved to a similar position in Baghdad where he remained the head of its famous Muqtadari Hospital and observed clinical cases. Today his name is commemorated in the Razi Institute near Tehran. Razi was a Hakim, an alchemist and a philosopher. Before becoming a physician Razi was interested in music, he was well versed in the musical theory and is said to have been an exceptional performer. He is considered one of the greatest alchemist of all time and his work remained in use for over 10 centuries. Inter alia he discovered alcohol, the use of alcohol in medicine, and he also discovered Sulfuric acid. Many also claim that he was the first to say that the world is round, but this was known much earlier, e.g. see Ptolemy. Razi wrote 184 books and articles, in several fields of science. His books and Articles are named by Ibn Abi Asi'boed. Ibn an-Nadim identifies five areas in which Razi distinguished himself: 1. Razi was recognized as the best physician of his time who had fully absorbed Greek medical learning. 2. He traveled in many lands. His repeated visits to Baghdad and his services to many princes and rulers are known from many sources. 3. He was a medical educator who attracted many students, both beginners and advanced. 4. He was compassionate, kind, upright, and devoted to the service of his patients whether rich or poor. 5. He was a prolific reader and writer and authored many books.

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Alchemical Doctrine

The soul is enchained in matter and is to be freed. Science as traditionally expounded in the schools was unable to liberate it. Only gnosis, the knowledge of God, could accomplish the task, and to convey gnosis, alchemy transformed itself into an esoteric religion. The beliefs were fantastic: visions, the chemical apparatus as a temple, the Alchemical operation as a sacrificial act, mental baptism in the Hermetic vessel called the krat?er, and the ascension to God by means of a mystic ladder that transports the soul from the discord and Suffering below to the divine order above. The doctrines of alchemy as a religion echoed the Principles of alchemy as a science. These were essentially three: primal matter, sympathy, and transmutation.

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The Mirror Of Alchemy

Book: The Mirror Of Alchemy by Roger Bacon

The Mirror of Alchemy, composed by the famous Friar, Roger Bacon, sometime fellow of Martin College and Brasen-nase College in Oxenforde. In many ancient Books there are found many definitions of this Art, the intentions whereof we must consider in this Chapter. For Hermes said of this Science: Alchemy is a Corporal Science simply composed of one and by one, naturally conjoining things more precious, by Knowledge and effect, and converting them by a natural commixtion into a better kind. A certain other said: Alchemy is a Science, teaching how to transform any kind of metal into another: and that by a proper medicine, as it appeared by many Philosophers' Books. Alchemy therefore is a science teaching how to make and compound a certain medicine, which is called Elixir, the which when it is cast upon metals or imperfect bodies, does fully Perfect them in the very projection.

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Medieval Medical Manuscripts In The Harleian Collection P1

Harley 3, JOHN MIRFIELD, 'BREVIARIUM BARTHOLOMEI', with glosses and recipes by John Dee; circa 1400. Latin. Harley 6, ST. ISIDORE OF SEVILLE, 'ETYMOLOGIAE', and ALEXANDER NECKAM, 'CORROGATIONES PROMETHEI'; 13th cent. Latin. Harley 55, ANGLO-SAXON Miscellany INCLUDING MEDICAL REMEDIES AND ANGLO-SAXON LAWS BY EDGAR AND CANUTE THE GREAT; early 11th cent. Old English. Harley 57, ALBERTUS MAGNUS, DE MINERALIBUS ET LAPIDIBUS; early 14th cent. Latin. Harley 79, STATUTES OF ENGLAND and ALBERTUS MAGNUS, DE MINERALIBUS ET LAPIDIBUS; 14th-15th cent. Latin and French. Harley 80, COLLECTION OF TEXTS ON ASTRONOMY, OPTICS, ASTROLOGY, AND STONES FROM A MERTON COLLEGE MANUSCRIPT; 13th-15th cent. Latin. Harley 116, COLLECTION OF POEMS AND TREATISES; 15th cent., second half. Middle English and Latin. Harley 209, MISCELLANY OF DEVOTIONAL AND Theological TEXTS FROM ABINGDON ABBEY, including note relating to bloodletting; late 13th-early 14th cent. Latin and Anglo-Norman. Copies. Imperfect. Harley 211, THEOLOGICAL COMPILATION; first half of the 15th cent. and early 13th cent., with late 15th-cent. additions relating to medicine. Latin and Middle English. Harley 218, COMPOSITE MISCELLANY INCLUDING JOHN LYDGATE'S 'TESTAMENT', SCIENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS TRACTS, MEDICAL AND ALCHEMICAL RECIPES AND CHARMS, AND PRINTED BOOKLETS; 13th-early 16th cent. Middle English and Latin. Harley 219, COMPOSITE MISCELLANY INCLUDING ODO OF CHERITON'S FABLES AND CHRISTINE DE PIZAN'S EPISTRE OTHEA; 15th cent., first half. Latin, French and Middle English. Harley 270, GUERNES DE PONT-SAINTE-MAXENCE, LIFE OF THOMAS BECKET, AND MATTHAEUS PLATEARIUS, BOOK OF SIMPLE MEDICINES; 13th cent., 1st half. French and Latin. Harley 273, COMPILATION OF RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR TEXTS; first half of 14th cent. Anglo-Norman, Old French, and Latin. Harley 275, COLLECTION OF THEOLOGICAL TREATISES; 15th cent. Latin, Middle English and English. Harley 337, COMPOSITE MISCELLANY INCLUDING A CARTULARY FROM ST. AUGUSTINE'S ABBEY, CANTERBURY, AND WILLIAM OF WADDINGTON, MANUEL DE PECHIEZ; 12th-14th cent. Latin and Anglo-Norman. Harley 497, ALCOATIM, CONGREGATIO SIVE LIBER DE OCULIS, AND OTHER SHORT MEDICAL TEXTS ; 15th cent. Latin and Italian. Harley 524, COLLECTION OF SERMONS AND THEOLOGICAL TRACTS; mid 13th cent. Latin and Anglo-Norman. Harley 546, IRISH MEDICAL MISCELLANY; 1459 and mid 15th cent. Early Modern Irish and Latin. Harley 585, ANGLO-SAXON MEDICAL MISCELLANY; late 10th-early 11th cent. Old English, Latin, Old Irish and Old French. Harley 665, MISCELLANY INCLUDING TEXTS RELATING TO RHETORICS, GRAMMAR, THEOLOGY AND MEDICINE, AND OTHER PROSE AND VERSE; 15th cent. Latin and Middle English. Harley 912, COMMONPLACE-BOOK INCLUDING THEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL TEXTS IN PROSE AND VERSE; mid 14th cent. Latin and Anglo-Norman. Harley 937, PHYSICIAN'S FOLDING ALMANAC; circa 1430-1431. Middle English. Harley 941, MISCELLANY INCLUDING TREATISES RELATING TO HISTORY, ASTROLOGY, MAGIC, ASTRONOMY, GEOGRAPHY, RHETORIC, COMPRISING JOHN LYDGATE'S 'DIETARY' AND OTHER VERSES AND MEDICAL RECIPES; 15th cent., second half. Latin and Middle English. Harley 950, COLLECTION OF MEDICAL RECIPES; 16th cent. Middle English. Harley 978, COLLECTION OF MUSICAL, CALENDRICAL, MEDICAL AND LITERARY TEXTS INCLUDING FABLES, SATIRICAL POEMS AND LOVE POEMS; third quarter of 13th cent., possibly between 1261-1265. Middle English, Anglo-Norman and Latin. Harley 1005, CUSTOMARY OF BURY ST. EDMUNDS ABBEY, KNOWN AS LIBER ALBUS; 12th-early 15th cent. Old English and Latin. Harley 1010, MEDICAL MISCELLANY; second half of the 14th cent. Middle English and Latin.

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